![]() ![]() The costs of treating long-term sequelae pose an additional burden on children, their families, as well as the entire health care system. Long term, if untreated, pediatric OSA can lead to adverse cardiovascular, endothelial, metabolic, endocrine, neurocognitive, and psychological outcomes that affect quality of life. Behavioral and learning issues are commonly seen in younger children, which can present as attention problems, hyperactivity, irritability, and poor school performance. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has adverse effects as a result of disruption of sleep and abnormal ventilation. Other options need to be explored and studied to prevent long term sequalae. ![]() Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be necessary for a select group of pediatric patients with OSA. For children who have OSA that persists into later childhood, alternate forms of treatment and management are necessary to maintain quality of life. ![]() The success rates of adenotonsillectomy vary depending on the population studied but residual OSA rates can be as high as 40 to 75% in children. First-line treatment of pediatric OSA is an adenotonsillectomy (AT), which directly addresses adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy associated with pediatric OSA. The prevalence of children with OSA is around 1–5.8% but is rising due to the obesity pandemic. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), part of the spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), is characterized by frequent arousals, apneas, and hypopneas, and can be associated with reduction in blood oxygen saturation and hypoventilation during sleep in children. ![]()
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